The aim is to provide deep and theoretical knowledge about the structure, physiology, function and possibilities to exploit living microbial cells. With this deeper knowledge of relationships between microorganisms, and their structure and function in nature, the course also provides the PhD student to integrate this knowledge with microbial applications in industry and for solving environmental problems. The course covers the genetics and metabolism of the cell, microbial ecology, and the use of microbes for industrial production and bioremediation.